1mW (0dBm) TX on 40m WSPR

Just for fun I'm having a go at QRPp WSPR on 40m. The set-up is the FT817 on 500mW going directly into a 26dB attenuator that feeds the Par 10/20/40 end-fed longwire antenna in the garden at around 5m above ground. So far, after about 10 minutes a few spots received: G3XVL at 61km being the best DX with reports also from G4IKZ and G4NRG.

Amazing NLOS 481THz reception tonight!

This morning I realised that I was 2.5 degrees out in my aim last night with my optical beacon, so this evening I repeated the over-the-horizon optical test, moving instead to a new location fully in the beam at a distance of 4.8km. The difference was astounding! Last night I was struggling to copy the signal even with a long carrier. Tonight it would probably have been audible in 10wpm CW!

Excellent NLOS 481THz copy this evening

I ran QRSS3 tonight and was rewarded with signals 20dB over the noise in 0.34Hz bandwidth when beaming just above the horizon. At higher elevations the signal was weaker. With this strength I am very confident that with QRSS3 the signal should be copyable non line-of-sight (NLOS) out to at least 10km by forward scatter and possibly much further, even with my 1W LED running at 250mA in 100mm optics.  This was an excellent result and I am now confident the RX is working very well indeed.  Cloudbounce is another mode I have yet to properly exploit. The reception tonight was as a result of clear air scattering presumably from water droplets or dust particles.

This time I made recordings which are linked from my website. These can be played back through Spectran or Spectrum Lab software and further analysed. See https://sites.google.com/site/g3xbmqrp3/vuhf/optical/481thz-nlos .

Rapidly I am learning the absolute importance of accurate aim: 2.5 degrees out last night probably reduced the signal level by around 20dB. For serious tests over longer ranges a means of very accurately aligning the TX and RX is essential. Unlike with line-of-sight where the red dot can be seen by eye usually, NLOS requires careful alignment from map features.

Successful over the horizon 481THz test at 4.6km

This evening, in the freezing cold, I attempted a non line-of-sight (NLOS) optical test using my beacon TX (1W 10mm LED at 250mA in 100mm optics) at home in the bedroom firing out through the double glazed bedroom window and my new improved receiver (SFH213 detector in 100mm optics) at a new test site 4.6km away towards Cambridge. The path is obstructed by rising ground some 10m above the TX and RX height around mid path.

481THz signal (top line) at 4.6km over the horizon tonight

This time, I used a lower TX subcarrier tone frequency of 572.3Hz and a continuous carrier transmission so that aiming would be easier (!) than with CW or QRSS3. I am pleased to report successful reception of the signal in 84mHz bandwidth using Spectran, but aim was extremely critical and the signal was not solid, probably because of  aiming issues and possibly changing sky conditions.

When I got home I checked the frequency to make absolutely sure that this was my carrier, which it was beyond any doubt. The signal was totally inaudible in the headphones and there was no sign whatsoever of the red beam in the sky. The most probable propagation was by scatter off dust particles in the atmosphere.

This was MUCH harder than I expected: I honestly expected to hear quite reasonable signals by ear, but as the plot shows, the signal was only just copyable in 84mHz. When I received my signal NLOS last year at 3.5km on a different path signals were 10dB over noise in a wider bandwidth on QRSS3.

At the moment I am still aiming the TX and RX as low as possible on the horizon, but I need to try greater elevations to see if this gives better to worse results over this sort of distance.

Another 6-10dB ERP from the Phlatlight LEDs (still to be fired up) would certainly help.

Practical Wireless (April 2013)

G3XBM in New Zealand (Abel Tasman National Park) Feb 2009

For the second month in a row I have an article in Practical Wireless. This time it is one submitted several years ago describing my operation on 70cms FM when on holiday in New Zealand in 2009. New Zealand has an excellent internet-linked repeater network that links repeaters all across the country, so one can work from the very south of South Island all the way to the top of North Island and talk to anyone on this linked network.  I found this invaluable when on holiday.

Sadly the exchange rate is not as favourable now as in 2009, but New Zealand is a wonderful place for a once in a lifetime holiday, with very friendly and welcoming people.

If you get PW, I hope you enjoy the article.

Optimised 481THz receiver

As the weather was miserable here today, I decided to work on the K3PGP derived 481THz optical receiver this morning. I wanted to ensure it was working at maximum sensitivity with subcarrier tones around 100-1500Hz. With some adjustment of the coupling capacitors and the addition of an HF roll-off capacitor on the collector of T2, the sensitivity now appears to be excellent. My test is an AF modulated red LED on the ceiling of my building shack, in almost total darkness, with the test receiver (less any lenses) on the bench about 1.5m away. If the receiver is working credibly then the tone can be heard in the headphones when the LED is barely lit. In the case of this latest receiver I cannot even see the LED lit at all in a darkened room, yet the tone is audible in the receiver. When comparing this with my previous best optical receiver there is around (guess) 6dB more sensitivity. This design uses "blog standard" components: nothing selected for low noise, and not an IC in sight. I am now waiting for some decent weather - and no snow please - to test this on my NLOS test path.

K3PGP receiver for 481THz

One of the simplest, yet highly sensitive, receivers for optical communications is one designed by John K3PGP. The G8CYW design in Practical Wireless in the March and April 2013 editions is based on this. This works really well in darkness, but is easily overloaded in any light. Many circuits are optimised for speech communications but this one works really well with digital modulation at very low frequencies where the detector sensitivity is highest.

http://k3pgp.org/Construction/Frontend/preamp.gif

Today I've been building a version and I am in the process of optimising it for subcarrier frequencies below 500Hz. I have added an extra transistor gain stage after the basic K3PGP design but want to see if lower noise FETs and transistors make a worthwhile improvement. When satisfied that it is working optimally I shall be trying this at the RX end of my over-the-horizon tests. I am quite excited about trying much lower frequencies in the next test using QRSS3 and continuous carrier.

10m WSPR today

Today I've been running either 50mW or 2W on 10m WSPR. 50mW was enough to get to 4X1RF but 2W was needed to be seen in Uraguay at 11127km using the Par-10/20/40 endfed antenna. The jury is still out on how performance on the 3 band antenna compares with the 10m halo, which is currently down pending a rebuild.

Source of BRIGHT red LEDs

Some have asked me what LEDs I've been using so far for my optical experiments. Well, these are 10mm diameter "conventional" style LEDs from a source in Hong Kong. They are 1W devices capable of 280000mcd output and look like a normal LED on steroids in that they come in a standard looking clear package with 2 thick leads.

They are available via eBay at £9.30 for 10 off from Hi Tech LED World.  The supplier delivers promptly and with good packaging (and a nice collection of attractive stamps on the package). They also have a range of other devices available.

Use the link http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/350347623711 .

As mentioned before, I also have some even more powerful LEDs called Phlatlights which are intended for overhead projectors. I've still to fire these up. These are about 10dB more powerful than the 1W LEDs, so are potentially dangerous.

Gaps in my knowledge

Sometimes I feel a complete fraud: people drop me emails and ask me questions and I am completely at a loss how to answer. The reason is there are an awful lot of things that I should know about that I don't. As an example, PIC programming: many of the things I want to do, like make a simple VLF frequency generator with FSK keying could probably be done very easily with a PIC, but I have never, ever, used a PIC and certainly never programmed one. There are whole areas of circuit design in which I'm very weak, for example digital logic, microprocessors etc.  Even my RF knowledge is frankly far from expert.  In my professional life I managed to get promoted into management roles where my "hands on" RF skills were not an embarrassment! You'd be surprised how many managers in RF jobs are not actually that hot at RF design.  Mind you, it helps to have a "jizz" (instinctive feel) for RF and I did (and still do) have this.

The reason I raise this is to give others hope. Even without knowing too much a lot can be done and we are never too old to learn new tricks. There are far too many things to know about to be experts in everything and the best we mortals can do is try our best in a limited area. This is why I concentrate on simple HF and low VHF QRP projects, optical and VLF work which I can get my head around. I'll leave the complex stuff to people far better than me.

http://uk.farnell.com/productimages/farnell/standard/1701537-40.jpg

At some point I may have a go at PIC programming but writing software was never my strong point. Neither was maths for that matter. Talking about PICs, if I wanted to have a go at PIC programming what do people recommend for going about it? What is the best (simple please) book and what is the best development kit on which to try out the programmed devices?

Rockmites

Some years ago I bought a Small Wonder Lab Rockmite-20 from QRPshop in Germany. As I didn't have a suitable antenna at the time, the project got shelved and the complete kit has been sitting, unbuilt, on my shelf. Now I have a Par-10/20/40 end fed antenna up covering the band I've no excuses. So, maybe next week in between other experiments I'll build it and try it on the air.  The reviews of the project on eHam.net are very good with a score of 4.9 out of 5 from 79 reviews. It is a clever design with a full keyer built in and using a couple of crystals with one as a front end filter to keep out the broadcast breakthrough.