Source of BRIGHT red LEDs

Some have asked me what LEDs I've been using so far for my optical experiments. Well, these are 10mm diameter "conventional" style LEDs from a source in Hong Kong. They are 1W devices capable of 280000mcd output and look like a normal LED on steroids in that they come in a standard looking clear package with 2 thick leads.

They are available via eBay at £9.30 for 10 off from Hi Tech LED World.  The supplier delivers promptly and with good packaging (and a nice collection of attractive stamps on the package). They also have a range of other devices available.

Use the link http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/350347623711 .

As mentioned before, I also have some even more powerful LEDs called Phlatlights which are intended for overhead projectors. I've still to fire these up. These are about 10dB more powerful than the 1W LEDs, so are potentially dangerous.

Gaps in my knowledge

Sometimes I feel a complete fraud: people drop me emails and ask me questions and I am completely at a loss how to answer. The reason is there are an awful lot of things that I should know about that I don't. As an example, PIC programming: many of the things I want to do, like make a simple VLF frequency generator with FSK keying could probably be done very easily with a PIC, but I have never, ever, used a PIC and certainly never programmed one. There are whole areas of circuit design in which I'm very weak, for example digital logic, microprocessors etc.  Even my RF knowledge is frankly far from expert.  In my professional life I managed to get promoted into management roles where my "hands on" RF skills were not an embarrassment! You'd be surprised how many managers in RF jobs are not actually that hot at RF design.  Mind you, it helps to have a "jizz" (instinctive feel) for RF and I did (and still do) have this.

The reason I raise this is to give others hope. Even without knowing too much a lot can be done and we are never too old to learn new tricks. There are far too many things to know about to be experts in everything and the best we mortals can do is try our best in a limited area. This is why I concentrate on simple HF and low VHF QRP projects, optical and VLF work which I can get my head around. I'll leave the complex stuff to people far better than me.

http://uk.farnell.com/productimages/farnell/standard/1701537-40.jpg

At some point I may have a go at PIC programming but writing software was never my strong point. Neither was maths for that matter. Talking about PICs, if I wanted to have a go at PIC programming what do people recommend for going about it? What is the best (simple please) book and what is the best development kit on which to try out the programmed devices?

Rockmites

Some years ago I bought a Small Wonder Lab Rockmite-20 from QRPshop in Germany. As I didn't have a suitable antenna at the time, the project got shelved and the complete kit has been sitting, unbuilt, on my shelf. Now I have a Par-10/20/40 end fed antenna up covering the band I've no excuses. So, maybe next week in between other experiments I'll build it and try it on the air.  The reviews of the project on eHam.net are very good with a score of 4.9 out of 5 from 79 reviews. It is a clever design with a full keyer built in and using a couple of crystals with one as a front end filter to keep out the broadcast breakthrough.

Aiming high

This evening I caused a few curious looks on our road as I adjusted the optics on my latest 481THz beacon in the dark.  In order to carefully align the powerful red beam, it is important to ensure the cross hairs on the gun sight telescope used for aiming are precisely aligned with the tightly focused red beam.  I beamed onto the rear of a distant car and made some adjustments. As I was doing this, someone walked down the road with a dog and stood, puzzled, at why this car number plate was glowing red very brightly!  The beam was aiming slightly too high, but after adjustment is now precisely in the centre of the cross hairs, so next week, weather permitting, it will be time to try again at the NLOS test.

New 481THz QRSS3 beacon ready for action

Completed 481THz beacon electronics

This afternoon I finished off the electronics build of the new dual frequency optical beacon TX for 481THz (red light) over-the-horizon (NLOS) tests. In the end I opted for QRSS3 on a choice of 2 sub-carrier frequencies selected by toggle switch together with the option of a continuous sub-carrier transmission on either frequency to help beam alignment. I have not incorporated an FSK facility at present. All that remains is to align my sighting scope with the optics so that I can use this to help with aiming. Currently the beam appears off-centre in the spotting scope cross-hairs.

As I now have the option of a lower sub-carrier frequency, I need to revisit the improved RX to see if I can better optimise sensitivity at the lower frequency. Theoretically the detector should be several dB more sensitive at a lower sub-carrier frequency which should help with NLOS tests where signals are weak.

The beacon is powered by a 19.5V 4.5A ex-Dell laptop SMPSU, although I only need around 300-400mA with the current LED, which is exceedingly bright.  In the picture above you can see the BACK of the LED and that is pretty bright. At least with the PSU the whole beacon is self-contained.

Progress on the new 481THz beacon TX

Today I made a start on the new optical QRSS3 beacon. This time, the circuit has some improvements: a continuous sub-carrier option and a choice of audio subcarrier frequency. Also, the frequencies are now derived from an HF crystal so stability will be excellent.

The part completed new 481THz QRSS3 beacon

The oscillator/divider is a 4060 IC and this is enabled by the output of a K1EL keyer IC programmed to send "XBM" in QRSS3.  The square wave output from the 4060 feeds the gate of an IRF510 FET which switches the 280000mcd, 10mm diameter, LED in 100mm optics.

A possible refinement will be to pull the crystal using the keyer output signal so that I have a continuous carrier but FSK keyed. This would mean I'd always have a signal to aim at, but with FSK QRSS3 CW on it. I'm not sure how much pull I'd get after dividing down if I just changed one of the capacitors loading the crystal. I shall have to experiment and see. Even as little as 5Hz would be enough, but that would need 50kHz shift at crystal frequency! A better way may be to key the frequency out of the 4060, so mark is, say 550Hz and space 1100Hz or vice versa. Plenty to try tomorrow.

Frustrating day at both ends of the spectrum

Today I tried two experiments. Firstly a continuation of my tests with the loop and E-field probe out in the fens on 8.977kHz and then tonight, another over-the-horizon test on 481THz.

Failure 1 at VLF: whereas in the past I've had a decent signal at my test site at Tubney Fen 3.5km from home on the loop antenna on 8.977kHz, today I could copy nothing. There was some strong interference and I thought that may have been the problem, so I moved on to a second test site 5km away where again I usually get a good signal. Again nothing. In the past this second site has given me signals so strong that I could copy 10wpm CW from home on 1kHz by earth mode. Now around the village and in nearby Swaffham Prior the signal levels were (as far as I can recall) similar to past levels, so what has changed? One theory is that the wet winter has saturated the fenland soil so conductivity is much higher, resulting in much higher attenuation at VLF.  Another possibility is some utility has changed - a change of pipe type or a re-routing of an electricity cable? My TX and RX equipment is largely the same as in previous tests.

Optical QRM on the 820Hz sub-carrier frequency

Failure 2 at 481THz: I tried a third attempt at my over-the-horizon QRSS3 reception of my signal on a 820Hz sub-carrier. This has been successful in the past. The 100mm lens TX was carefully aligned just to the right of our local windmill on "the hill" and I traveled to what should have been a direct line path (but over the horizon so the signal has to be scattered) about 3.5km away. Optical conditions looked good with clear visibility of street lights in Burwell. Well, I am pretty certain that I was able to hear my signal by ear in the headphones keying away slowly, but because of a lead failure (later fixed) and then a strong interfering signal very close to the 820Hz sub-carrier, I failed to see my signal with Spectran and make a screen capture. I think this QRM signal is related to new street lighting as panning the horizon brought up this interference on most street lights at around 3km range. The solution will be to choose a different sub-carrier tone frequency. BTW, it is fun to hear the strobe lights from aircraft: these are very strong and can be copied well off the direct path by scattering.

My next immediate priority is to change the optical beacon TX so that I can use a range of different sub-carrier frequencies all derived from an HF crystal divided down with a 4060 divider. This will also allow me to run a continuous signal which will help with alignment and I can avoid QRM by moving the HF crystal frequency if needed. I could also arrange DFCW modulation by FSK keying the HF crystal: this will allow a continuous signal for audible alignment yet be detectable with software packages like Spectran in QRSS3.

As regards the VLF earth-mode tests, for now I am going to draw these to a halt and will try again in a month or so when I hope the fen soil conductivity has reduced. If things are unchanged then I suspect that something in the utilities metalwork out in the fens has (permanently) changed.

Projects update

It is some time since I summarised my projects list and progress. This is the current "ideas list" for the coming months. As we are in the middle of a house renovation/move project over the next 3-6 months it is quite likely that my amateur building work will have to go slow.

• VLF earth-mode - optimising the E-field probe and loop antennas for mobile coverage tests
• 481THz Optical NLOS tests - testing new RX and then trying the 10dB higher powered PhlatLED TX and seeing how far over the horizon I can reach.
• WISPY 10m WSPR beacon - combining the TX and RX boards into a full WSPR/PSK31 transceiver. Separate modules made and tested but yet to combine.
• Tenbox - I still need to finish either the AM transceiver or modify the design to a DSB transceiver.
• 2m horizontal omni antenna - I need a simple horizontally polarised omni antenna for the new QTH. I'm tempted to organise a pair of stacked big-wheels with around 5dBd gain.
• Simple test equipment for the shack at the new QTH - I want to build a number of pieces of simple test gear such as a frequency counter and simple spectrum analyser 
• Rebuild of the 10m Homebase-10 halo - the wooden frame structure is showing signs of age, so a fibre-glass support may be less visible and more durable 

Now, knowing the way things work with me, I 'll wake up one morning and think of something completely different to work on. That is the fun of simple homebrew amateur radio experimentation: no-one tells you what to do, unlike when at work, and each day is one filled with opportunities.

Double or single peak for cycle 24?

At the moment the jury is still out on this. We've seen activity slide since the peak around Nov 2011 but there may be signs that the trend is upwards again leading to a second peak as has happened in a few recent sunspot cycles. This NASA video gives some insight into the thinking.

More analysis with Spectrum Lab software

Spectran is a very easy package to use but it has its limitations when analysing weak audio signals. A more powerful package is DL4YHF's  Spectrum Laboratory which is an extremely powerful piece of software. The problem is that if I've not used it for months it takes me hours to remember how to drive it. A secret is to store ".usr" configuration files so one can go back instantly to a set of settings e.g. a given frequency to analyse with a specified bandpass filter and bandwidth.

Faint line at 8.9775kHz visible at greater range (43mHz bandwidth)

Anyway, to cut a long story, this evening I set up some config files to allow me to look again at the recordings of my 8.9775kHz VLF earth-mode signals made during recent drive around tests locally. Although the original analysis was done at 180mHz bandwidth I can now replay the recordings and look in bandwidths down to 34mHz. What happens then is that signals present but too weak to see now appear above the noise floor as a faint line. The net result is that the signals can be detected in some of the "in between" locations that were not apparent from the 180mHz (wider!) bandwidth analysis.

I intend to use Spectrum Laboratory and narrow bandwidths for the over-the-horizon 481THz optical tests if Spectran proves not up to the job. However, when bandwidths are very narrow there is a time-lag before the trace appears on the screen. This is less than ideal when trying to align weak optical signals with beamwidths measured in a degree or less. What is needed is an accurate beam heading and then allow the trace to build on the screen. I don't have enough experience yet to know how much beamwidth spread a cloud or free space dust scattered optical signal gets. When looking for G4HJW's signal over the horizon in clear skies last year the alignment was quite critical, but his signal was audible in headphones so the optics could be peaked by ear before analysing with Spectran or Spectrum Lab. I had more luck with my own QRSS3 signal over the horizon on a shorter path, managing to align by eye on visible landmarks enough to see the trace on the PC and then peak it.